Diabetes in dogs is a serious health condition that requires prompt attention and proper management. As a canine behaviourist, I often see cases where behavioural changes are the first sign that something medical is amiss. Understanding how to identify the signs of diabetes in your dog can help you seek veterinary care when it’s most effective.
What is Canine Diabetes?
Diabetes mellitus in dogs occurs when the body cannot properly produce or respond to insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps glucose (sugar) from food enter the body’s cells for energy. When this process is disrupted, glucose builds up in the bloodstream rather than entering the cells, leading to high blood sugar levels.
There are two main types of diabetes in dogs:
- Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent): The most common form in dogs, where the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin
- Type 2 diabetes: Less common in dogs, where the body produces insulin but cannot use it effectively
Common Signs Your Dog May Be Diabetic
Increased Thirst (Polydipsia)
One of the earliest and most noticeable signs of diabetes in dogs is excessive thirst. You might observe your dog drinking much more water than usual or emptying their water bowl frequently throughout the day.
Frequent Urination (Polyuria)
Directly related to increased thirst, diabetic dogs often urinate more frequently or may have accidents in the house despite being house-trained. This happens because excess glucose in the bloodstream is filtered by the kidneys into the urine, drawing more water along with it.
Increased Hunger (Polyphagia)
Despite eating normal or even increased amounts of food, diabetic dogs might seem perpetually hungry. This occurs because without proper insulin function, nutrients from food aren’t effectively entering the cells to provide energy.
Weight Loss Despite Normal or Increased Appetite
A diabetic dog may lose weight even while eating the same amount or more food than usual. This happens because their body isn’t able to properly convert nutrients from food into energy, causing it to break down fat and muscle tissues instead.
Lethargy or Decreased Energy
Dogs with diabetes often show reduced energy levels or seem unusually tired. This happens because their cells aren’t getting the glucose they need for energy.
Cloudy Eyes
The development of cataracts can occur rapidly in diabetic dogs due to high blood sugar levels affecting the lens of the eye. You might notice a bluish-grey film over your dog’s eyes.
Sweet-Smelling or Fruity Breath
This odour comes from ketones, chemicals produced when the body begins breaking down fat for energy instead of using glucose.
Urinary Tract Infections
Diabetic dogs are more susceptible to urinary tract infections due to the excess sugar in their urine, which creates an environment where bacteria can thrive.
Chronic or Recurring Infections
Diabetes can weaken the immune system, making dogs more prone to skin infections, gum disease, or other types of infections that may be slow to heal.
Risk Factors for Canine Diabetes
Certain factors can increase the likelihood of a dog developing diabetes:
Age
Diabetes most commonly develops in middle-aged to older dogs (4-14 years).
Sex
Unspayed female dogs are twice as likely to develop diabetes as male dogs.
Breed Predisposition
Some breeds have higher rates of diabetes, including:
- Miniature Poodles
- Bichon Frises
- Samoyeds
- Pugs
- Miniature Schnauzers
- Toy and Miniature Poodles
- Australian Terriers
- Cairn Terriers
- Fox Terriers
- Beagles
Obesity
Overweight dogs have a higher risk of developing insulin resistance and diabetes.
Chronic Pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas can damage insulin-producing cells.
Certain Medications
Long-term use of steroids like prednisone can increase diabetes risk.
When to See Your Veterinarian
If you notice several of the symptoms mentioned above, especially increased thirst, urination, and appetite combined with weight loss, you should schedule a veterinary appointment promptly. Early diagnosis and treatment of diabetes can prevent serious complications.
Your veterinarian will likely:
- Take a complete medical history
- Perform a physical examination
- Run blood tests to check glucose levels
- Test your dog’s urine for glucose and ketones
Managing Canine Diabetes
While diabetes cannot be cured, it can be effectively managed with:
Insulin Therapy
Most diabetic dogs require insulin injections, typically given twice daily. Your veterinarian will determine the appropriate type and dosage of insulin for your dog.
Dietary Management
A consistent, appropriate diet is crucial for managing diabetes. Your veterinarian may recommend a specific diet formulated for diabetic dogs, which typically features:
- Complex carbohydrates that release glucose slowly
- High-quality protein
- Moderate fat content
- High fibre content
Regular Exercise
Consistent, moderate exercise helps regulate blood glucose levels. Avoid sporadic intense activity, which can disrupt glucose regulation.
Regular Monitoring
You’ll need to monitor your dog’s glucose levels, food and water intake, urination habits, weight, and overall behaviour.
Home Monitoring Tips
Glucose Testing
Your veterinarian may teach you how to test your dog’s blood glucose levels at home using a portable glucometer.
Urine Testing
Testing your dog’s urine for glucose and ketones can provide additional information about how well their diabetes is being managed.
Keep a Log
Maintain a daily record of:
- Food and water consumption
- Insulin doses and times
- Exercise duration and intensity
- Urination frequency and any accidents
- Blood glucose readings
- Overall energy and behaviour
Watch for Hypoglycaemia
Low blood sugar is a potential complication of insulin therapy. Signs include:
- Weakness or lethargy
- Disorientation
- Trembling or seizures
- Unusual behaviour
If you suspect hypoglycaemia, offer your dog a small amount of a sugar source like honey or corn syrup by rubbing it on their gums, and contact your veterinarian immediately.
Prevention Strategies
While not all cases of diabetes can be prevented, you can reduce your dog’s risk by:
Maintaining a Healthy Weight
Obesity increases insulin resistance. Feed your dog an appropriate diet and ensure they get regular exercise.
Regular Veterinary Check-ups
Annual examinations can help detect early signs of diabetes or other health issues.
Spaying Female Dogs
This can reduce the hormonal fluctuations that might contribute to diabetes development.
Dental Care
Good dental hygiene can reduce the risk of infections and inflammation that might contribute to diabetes.
Conclusion
Recognising the signs of diabetes in your dog early can lead to better management and quality of life. If you notice symptoms like increased thirst, frequent urination, increased hunger with weight loss, or lethargy, consult your veterinarian promptly.
With proper treatment, including insulin therapy, appropriate diet, regular exercise, and monitoring, most diabetic dogs can maintain a good quality of life. Remember that managing a diabetic dog requires commitment and consistency, but the effort is well worth it for your canine companion’s health and happiness.
Is there any specific aspect of canine diabetes you’d like me to explain in more detail?
